When Goals Matter!

Because of the high material removal rate creep-feed grinding can deliver in challenging materials, grinding might not be just the last step in the process - it might be the process. An insight into 10 things to know about Creep-Feed Grinding that can help achieve the manufacturing goals of the current times.

Is grinding the material-removal process of the future? The demand for tighter feature tolerances, finer surfaces on machined parts, and the use of harder materials such as superalloys and ceramics for durable parts certainly implicate greater use of grinding in the future. Additionally, improved grains and bonds in grinding wheels are delivering more effective performance making the case stronger in the favour of creep-feed grinding specifically.

Creep-feed grinding employs a heavier grinding depth combined with a slow traverse rate, generally with a profiled grinding wheel, to generate a given geometric form at a material removal rate (MRR) that is much higher than the finishing passes for which grinding is generally known.

The MRR is why creep-feed grinding offers such promise. Greater use of hard materials such as Inconel or a ceramic-matrix composite poses greater challenges for milling. Developments such as grinding wheel improvements have enabled creep-feed grinding’s MRR in these materials to significantly increase. According to grinding wheel manufacturer Saint-Gobain Abrasives, also known by the brand Norton, we have already reached the point at which grinding is no longer a terminal process in the machining sequence for a part. Instead, in a significant and growing number of cases, grinding is the process.

The company’s initiative called ‘Machining-to-Grinding’ aimed at helping support manufacturers make a transition from metal cutting to greater use of grinding. This initiative, which has focused on aerospace manufacturers as they shift to difficult-to-machine alloys and composites, has also realized success for gear makers and now is finding applications in automotive manufacturing. To have a better understanding about creep-feed grinding given below are 10 points.

Creep-feed grinding has no formal definition.

The principal defining characteristic of creep-feed grinding is a depth of cut that is high for grinding, but opinions differ on precisely what depth marks the transition. In aircraft-engine-related grinding applications, engineers frequently mark the beginning of creep-feed at 0.015 in. Many a time the transition happens earlier than this; a grinding depth of 0.005 in. can qualify as creep-feed. In either case, the choice is arbitrary, with no formal definition. Hence, it is reasonable to think of deep-grinding application as creep-feed, and perhaps one must have done grinding that was arguably creep-feed without realizing it.

Creep-feed is both a low-force and a high-force process.

In the creep-feed process, the force in the cut is low from one perspective and high from another. While each cutting particle on the grinding wheel experiences a low force relative to other modes of grinding, the force imparted to the machine and part overall is likely to be high. Compensating for the heavy depth of cut in creep-feed is a traverse rate (feed rate) that is low, often on the order of 5 to 20 in. per minute. The low feed rate and corresponding chip load mean the cutting force upon every individual grit of the surface of the grinding wheel is also low. Wheel life and power efficiency both potentially benefit from this.

And yet, a lot of grits are engaged. The larger depth of cut of creep-feed means a longer arc of the wheel is submerged in the part, increasing the force overall. As a result, the requirements of a grinding machine used in this process include spindle power of at least 15 to 20 horsepower per inch of grinding wheel width and a static loop stiffness of 100,000 pounds per inch for each inch of grinding wheel width.

Creep-feed offers advantages over conventional grinding.

Creep-feed grinding offers the following benefits:Creep-feed grinding offers the following benefits:

Shorter cycle time. True, the feed rate is low, but the increased depth of cut more than compensates for this. Additionally, the reduced total number of passes means there is less time lost to acceleration and deceleration as the machine reverses.
Reduced machine wear. Another beneficial result of the reduced frequency of machine reversals.
Longer wheel life. The reduced force per grit means that this high-MRR process is actually less demanding on the wheel.
Finer-tolerance and more complex geometric forms. The low feed rate and low force per grit enable superior control over the outcome of the grinding operation.

All these benefits come with one very large downside to creep-feed grinding, discussed in the next point.

Coolant is Crucial.

The long arc of wheel engagement translates to greater heat generation in the process. Coolant is therefore crucial to using creep-feed grinding effectively. Other machining processes routinely apply flood coolant by using a nozzle to point the coolant stream in roughly the direction of the cut, but creep-feed requires coolant application to be taken more seriously.

Various considerations are employed to ensure as much of the coolant’s heat-transfer capacity is realized as possible, including:

Coolant delivery speed is matched to the speed at the wheel surface. Syncing coolant-flow speed with the speed at which any point of the wheel is passing ensures more of the coolant meets and follows with the wheel.
Coolant-delivery nozzles are arranged in profiles that match the profile of the grin-ding wheel.
Special coolant-collection tooling is used in creep-feed grinding. A ramp on the exit side of the part collects coolant and enables it to pool at the wheel for still greater wheel exposure to the fluid. This ramp might even be machined to match the part profile.

Down grinding is preferred for MRR.

Similar to milling in which the two possible directions of tool rotation relative to the workpiece produce either conventional milling or climb milling, the two possible directions of grinding wheel rotation produce either ‘up’ grinding or ‘down’ grinding. Creep-feed’s preference is down grinding when the objective is high MRR. The rotation of the wheel in down grinding causes the bottom of the wheel to move in the same direction as the feed of the part. This type of grinding causes any point of the wheel—any grit of the wheel—to first meet the workpiece where the material engagement is greatest.

Again, heat is the reason for this preference where stock removal is high. To grind in the other direction is to have the grit first meet the material without cutting into it. The result is that each grit is not making a chip right away. Initially, the grits are sliding and plowing, which causes friction and excess heat into the part. Down grinding, though it might seem more abrupt, allows for a cooler grinding process, as grits are forming chips when they first engage the part. By contrast, up grinding is preferred where the objective is either a fine surface finish or extending the life of the abrasive.

Intermittent dressing is becoming more acceptable.

Because the material removal per pass is so great in creep-feed grinding, aluminum-oxide wheels used in this process tend to require continuous dressing. A dressing wheel applied to the grinding wheel as it is grinding keeps the wheel sharp at all times. Indeed, continuous-dress capability is potentially another machine requirement for creep-feed grinding, in addition to power and stiffness.

However, newer grinding wheels with ceramic grit make it possible to avoid this need. Because the ceramic wheels remain sharp for a longer period of time, they make it possible to use intermittent dressing, meaning dressing using a separate wheel located elsewhere in the work zone apart from the grinding head. Dressing only when needed allows the wheel to last longer, and by eliminating the need for continuous-dress capability, the more advanced grinding wheel makes it possible to perform creep-feed grinding on a less expensive machine.

Superabrasive wheels can move beyond tool grinding.

A third wheel type is also likely suitable for intermittent dressing. Dressable metal-bond superabrasive wheels using diamond or cubic boron nitride (CBN) grit have been used in cutting tool manufacturing for grinding composite, cermet and ceramic tools. Based on the similarity of material properties, Norton engineers believe these wheels could also efficiently grind ceramic-matrix composite and gamma titanium aluminide parts for aerospace. Another useful feature of these wheels is their porosity. For grinding wheels in general that are engineered for creep-feed grinding, material grains are spaced widely to create microscopic porosity allowing coolant to infiltrate the wheel. In a superabrasive wheel such as the Norton Winter Paradigm product line, the metal bond allows for a wheel porosity ranging to 46 percent.

In some cases, superabrasive wheels also can be used without any dressing. Single-layer metal-bond superabrasive wheels designed for no dressing have been applied to realize creep-feed grinding on CNC milling machines.

Broaching now has a low-footprint rival.

Milling is not the only competitor to creep-feed grinding. Another is broaching, specifically the broaching that is applied to realize the fir-tree forms in aircraft-engine disks made of superalloy. A form such as this can be generated through creep-feed grinding. The result might be considerable floor-space savings. Because of the long linear travel it requires, the broaching machine for this operation could easily be 30 to 40 ft. long. Creep-feed grinding offers the chance to perform the same machining within a standard-size machine tool.

In aerospace, the MRR can match that of milling.

The view that grinding is a finishing process and the final touch applied to a machined part to realize dimensional and surface tolerances—that is, the historical role of grinding—is a view that will become less and less inclusive of all that grinding can do as advanced workpiece materials are used more widely. In the past, 1 cubic inch per minute per inch of wheel width is the typical specific MRR that has been expected of grinding. In superalloy grinding applications today on CNC machines using engineered wheels, creep-feed grinding can realize a specific MRR of 18 cubic inches per minute per inch of wheel width—resulting in overall MRR equal to or better than what a milling cutter might do in that same workpiece material.

Another important area of advance has been in the energy demand creep-feed grinding requires. From the perspective of the machine, creep-feed is a high-force process (point 2), but the sharper-cutting grit in modern wheels reduces that force. Improved wheel porosity for conveying swarf and coolant along with improved coolant techniques also help to improve energy efficiency. As a result, the specific energy of creep-feed grinding—the energy required to remove each cubic inch of material—has become comparable to milling as well.

Creep-feed offers the promise to relocate heat treatment.

But comparing milling to grinding in terms of their machining cycles alone might miss one of the greatest benefits of creep-feed: a fundamental change to the sequence of the process. In that traditional role of grinding as a finishing operation, the part often undergoes heat treatment just ahead of this step. Grinding is an effective process for machining in the harder, post-heat-treatment state, though milling the part in this state would be problematic. Thus, most of the part’s machining is carried out through milling while the workpiece is still soft, then comes heat treating, then the part may receive a final light milling step before grinding or it may go to grinding directly. This sequence—milling, sending the part away for heat treatment, bringing the part back to the shop for the operations including grinding—is second nature to manufacturers and a standard way many parts are made.

However, creep-feed grinding can undo that sequence. The workpiece could be heat treated first, meaning the workpiece could be brought to its final hardness first, before any machining is done. Creep-feed grinding would eliminate the interruption, delay and coordination necessary to ship a partially completed part away for this off-site step. Matching the MRR of milling may be the benchmark enabling grinding to take on a larger role in production, but reordering the steps needed in production may in some cases be where creep-feed grinding realizes its greatest savings.